MOTS-c is a naturally occurring protein hormone and an experimental therapeutic peptide composed of 16 amino acids. Its name is short for "mitochondrial 12S rRNA ORF type C," referring to its origin, as it is derived from sections of DNA called short open reading frames (ORFs), which are found in the 12S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA. Since the mitochondrial origin of MOTS-c is essential to understanding its role and function, we believe it is time to develop a mitochondrial primer.

MOTS-c, a naturally occurring protein hormone, is primarily activated by physical exercise or some type of stress, and then travels to the cell nucleus and mediates mitochondrial communication. This communication is essential for coordinating numerous mitochondrial functions and maintaining homeostasis. MOTS-c for fat loss and energy boost also activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, a key regulator of cellular metabolism and homeostasis that contributes to energy production by stimulating glucose uptake and fat oxidation. Much of this activity takes place in skeletal muscle, which is rich in mitochondria due to its high energy demand.

Since diabetes is a cardiovascular risk factor, eliminating it can lead to significant improvements in heart health. A high percentage of body fat is another risk factor. Therefore, if MOTS-c can prevent obesity, it could halt the onset of a health problem that characterizes more than 80% of people with coronary artery disease. Given the relationship between inflammation, age, and age-related high-risk conditions (e.g., atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease), MOTS-c could extend lifespan as an ongoing side effect.

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